« Previous
Next »
Geriatric Nursing
Volume 28, Issue 3
, Pages 171-181
, May 2007
Identification, Optimal Management, and Infection Control Measures for Clostridium difficile–Associated Disease in Long-Term Care
References
- Clostridium difficile in long-term care facilities for the elderly (SHEA Position Paper). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23:696–703
- . Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea in adults. Can Med Assoc J. 2004;171:51–58
- . Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:334–339
- . Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea: a review. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:525–533
- Is Clostridium difficile endemic in chronic-care facilities?. Lancet. 1986;2:11–13
- Post-antibiotic colonization with Clostridium difficile in nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:415–420
- . Infection due to Clostridium difficile among elderly residents of a long-term-care facility. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:672–678
- Nosocomial Clostridium difficile colonisation and disease. Lancet. 1990;336:97–100
- Primary symptomless colonization by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhea. Lancet. 1998;351:633–636
- Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:297–302
- Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:204–210
- . Fact Sheet. 2004;August (updated July 22, 2005)
- . Clostridium difficile. In: Yu V editors. Antimicrobial therapy and vaccines. 2nd ed. New York: Apple Trees Productions; 2002;p. 214
- Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet. 2005;366:1079–1084
- . Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:390–397
- . Clostridium difficile–associated disease: new challenges from an established pathogen. Cleveland Clin J Med. 2006;73:187–197
- . Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect. 1998;40:1–15
- Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea and colitis in adults: a perspective case-controlled epidemiologic study. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:95–100
- . Clindamycin-associated colitis. Ann Intern Med. 1974;81:429–433
- Decrease in nosocomial Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:272–277
- Fluoroquinolone prescribing in the United States: 1995 to 2002. Am J Med. 2005;118:259–268
- Outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: association with gatifloxacin use. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:640–645
- A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2442–2449
- Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1254–1260
- . Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:678–684
- . Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea during a hospital outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1991;12:34–48
- Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. J Infect Dis. 1981;143:42–50
- Antibiotic-associated pseudomembraneous colitis: an epidemiologic investigation of a cluster of cases. J Infect Dis. 1982;145:269–274
- . Use of gastric-acid suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile–associated disease. JAMA. 2005;294:2989–2995
- Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1254–1260
- A hospital outbreak of diarrhea due to an emerging epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2518–2524
- Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalization for Clostridium difficile–associated disease: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1272–1276
- Bacterial overgrowth during treatment with omeprazole compared with cimetidine: a prospective randomised double blind study. Gut. 1996;39:54–59
- . Possible foodborne transmission in a case of pseudomembraneous colitis due to Clostridium difficile: influence of gastro-intestinal secretions on Clostridium difficile infection. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:465–469
- . Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:409–415
- Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg. 2002;235:363–372
- . Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile–associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. Can Med Assoc J. 2005;173:1037–1042
- Kutty P, Benoit S, Woods C, et al. Emerging Clostridium difficile-associated disease in the community and the role of non-antimicrobial risk factors. Abstracts of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), October 12-15, 2006, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, P. 242 [Abstract LB-28].
- Diarrhea etiology in a children’s hospital emergency department: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:807–813
- An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2433–2441
- Multicenter typing comparison of sporadic and outbreak Clostridium difficile isolates from geographically diverse hospitals. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:1233–1238
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data and Statistics about Clostridium difficile Infections. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/id_Cdiff_data.html. Accessed October 2, 2006.
- . Clostridium difficile infection in hospitals: a brewing storm. Can Med Assoc J. 2004;171:27–29
- Clostridium difficile: a formidable foe. Can Med Assoc J. 2004;171:47–48
- Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. Can Med Assoc J. 2004;171:466–472
- A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile–associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:273–280
- . Narrative review: the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile–associated enteric disease. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:758–764
- . Poor outcomes associated with Clostridium difficile (CD)–associated diarrhea: identification and control. Management of increasingly frequent and severe Clostridium difficile–associated disease. 2006;Satellite Symposium during Digestive Disease Week 2006, Los Angeles, CA, May 21
- . Clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:531–534
- Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea and colitis (SHEA Position Paper). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:459–477
- . Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea and colitis (Practice Guidelines). Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:739–750
- . Treatment of Clostridium difficile–associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:549–557
- . Therapeutic Position Statement on the preferential use of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile–associated disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1998;55:1407–1411
- . The new Clostridium difficile—what does it mean?. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2503–2505
- Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1586–1590
- Increasing risk of relapse after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1591–1597
- A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. JAMA. 1994;271:1913–1918
- . Alternative treatments for Clostridium difficile disease: what really works?. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54:101–111
- . Therapy of relapsing Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea and colitis with the combination of vancomycin and rifampin. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1987;9:155–159
- . Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1769–1775
- Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:547–552
- The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1012–1017
- . Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet. 2001;357:189–193
- Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. difficile–associated diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:764–770
- Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:640–645
- Epidemiologic aspects of Clostridium difficile–induced diarrhea and colitis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:2533–2538
- . Review of Clostridium difficile–associated diseases. Am J Infect Control. 1986;14:99–109
- . How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? (A systematic review). BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:130
- Lack of association between the increased incidence of Clostridium difficile–associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:479–483
- Antibiotic use in Ontario facilities that provide chronic care. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:376–383
- . Antimicrobial use in nursing homes in Manitoba. J Geriatr Drug Ther. 1995;9:55–74
- Infection surveillance and antibiotic utilization in a community-based skilled nursing facility. Aging Clin Exp Res. 1996;8:113–122
- . Measuring antibiotic use in a long-term care facility. Am J Infect Control. 1996;24:174–179
- . Incidence and impact of infection in a nursing home care unit. Am J Infect Control. 1990;18:151–159
- Antibiotic use in the nursing home (Physician practice patterns). Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1465–1468
- Hospital-wide restriction of clindamycin: effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea and cost. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:989–995
- Antibiotic prescribing policy and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Q J Med. 2004;97:423–429
- An antibiotic policy associated with reduced risk of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhoea. Age Ageing. 1999;28:578–580
PII: S0197-4572(07)00056-0
doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2007.02.003
© 2007 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Geriatric Nursing
Volume 28, Issue 3
, Pages 171-181
, May 2007
